Glossary

Mountaineering
A sport whose main goal is to climb the mountain peaks. In the form of such obstacles, rock, ice and snow slopes of varying steepness and difficulty can act. The difficulty of the slopes is determined by their steepness, dismemberment and strength of the rock or ice, the density and nature of the snow cover, and the like. Usually the object of sports competition between sports teams is the height of the conquered peak, the technical complexity, the nature and extent of the route.

Basketball
Team sports game, the purpose of which is to throw the ball into the suspended basket. In 1891, J. Naismith, an instructor of the anatomy of Springfield College (USA) - developed the rules of the game. In Russia the first match was held in 1906 in St. Petersburg. Systematic training in basketball improves coordination of movements, trains breathing and circulation, improves the regulatory function of the nervous system, develops muscles, strengthens health.

Baseball
A sports game with a ball and a bat. Baseball appeared in USA at the beginning of the 19th century.

Bobsled
High-speed descent from mountains on specially equipped tracks on controlled sledges.
All-metal sleds streamlined, consist of pivotally connected parts: front - mobile, equipped with a rudder, and rear - fixed, equipped with a brake. Races are held on special trails - ice troughs with a length of 1500-2000 m with 5-8 turns. Sledges at descent reach a speed of more than 100 km / h. There are two-seated sleighs (length is not more than 2.7 m, weight is not more than 165 kg, the crew mass is not more than 200 kg) and 4-seater (respectively 3.8 m, 230 kg and 400 kg). As a sport, the bobsleigh was born in Switzerland in the late 19th century and spread to Sweden, Romania, Poland, USA, etc. Since 1924, the bobsled has been included In the program of the Olympic Games.

Bowling
In USA, Great Britain and a number of other countries, the name of the sport Pins. Skittles (German Kegel) - a game of sport type, the goal of which is to knock down a smaller number of balls launched by hands, a larger number of figures - pins installed on the ground or in a bowling alley (special bowling facility) in a certain Order.

Volleyball
Type of sport, team sports game, during which two teams compete on a special site, divided by a grid, aiming to send the ball to the opponent's side in such a way that it lands on the opponent's ground, or the player of the defending team made a mistake.

Dressage
Accustoming the horse to work in the harness and under the saddle. There are two periods of dressage: riding - training the horse to harness or saddle and obedience to man; Training - the gradual development of her ability to perform the required work. Dressage horses are started from the age of 2, tribal trotters - from 10-12-month old, tribal riding horses - from 1.5 years. Rysy young growth is first taught to the bridle, reins, running harness, then to the harness and movements trot in light sleds, a two-wheeled rocking chair and a cart with a Russian harness. Factory training of trotting horses lasts up to 2 years of age, after which trotters are sent to the racetracks. Dressage of a riding horse begins with training it to a bridle, a sweat, a saddle, and then to a light (up to 40-45 kg) rider. During the dressage period, the riding horse gradually develops free movements in stride, trot, and slow and frantic gallop. Manege dressage of a sports horse is a kind of equestrian sport.

Handball
Hand ball, team sports game with a ball. There are two types of handball: 7×7 (7 players per team) and 11×11 (11 players).

In 1892, Czechoslovakia invented a ball game, which was called 'Czech Hazen'. In 1898 the teacher of the women's gymnasium Holger Nielsen in the Danish town of Ordrum introduced a game called "Haendbold" in his lessons, in which teams of 7 people competed in a small field, passing the ball to each other and trying to throw it at the gate.

Doping
(from dope — to give drugs)
Substances that temporarily enhance the physical and mental activity of the body, used to improve the athletic result. In 1967, the International Olympic Committee decided to ban doping in sport and to organize control for doping at competitions.

Callanetic
Gymnastics, built on the basis of static load and stretch marks. During classes callanetic develops flexibility, muscles are strengthened and excess fat deposits disappear. Callanetik includes exercises from various types of oriental gymnastics and special breathing exercises.

Karate
(jap. lit. — with bare hands)
A type of self-defense without weapons is based on strikes by the hand or foot on the most vulnerable places of the human body. The modern karate system was created in the early 20th century by selecting and modernizing jiu-jitsu techniques. This art is very versatile. Here there is also an applied effect, and also some aesthetic component. In the karate classes traditional, sports and applied techniques are used.

Boat
The general name of small (displacement up to 400 tons), usually high-speed vessels for various purposes. Among the boats can be identified passenger, tourist, rescue, cargo, missile, guard, etc.

Table tennis
(Obsolete expression - ping-pong)
Sports game on the table with a small celluloid ball and wooden rackets, pasted with rubber plates. In the International Federation - ITTF (ITTF, founded in 1926), about 130 countries (1992). World championships since 1926, Europe since 1958. In the program of the Olympic Games since 1988.

National Basketball Association
Professional basketball organization in the USA (founded June 6, 1946), unites 29 teams from 28 cities USA and Canada (2002). The first organization of professional basketball teams - National Basketball League (NBL) appeared in 1898 and existed for 5 years, after which it split into several independent leagues that conducted their own championships. In 1925, the American Basketball League (ABL) was formed, covering the teams of the Northeast USA. In 1937, the NBL was re-established, uniting 13 professional teams of the East and the Middle West USA. Ccc In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed, which combined the teams of New York, Washington, Boston, Philadelphia, Providence, Toronto, Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Cleveland and St. Louis. In November 1946 in Toronto, the first match was held, and in 1949 BAA was renamed the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Swimming sports
Combines swimming at sporting distances in ways that are crooked (free style), breaststroke, butterfly, on the back, as well as applied, underwater, synchronized (artistic) swimming. The first sports swimming competitions were held in England (1877). In 1991, in the International Amateur Swimming Federation - FINA (FINA, founded in 1908) 128 countries. In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896, the world championships since 1973, Europe since 1926. There is also a so-called household swimming, therapeutic, playful.

Speedway
One of the types of motorcycle sport, motorcycle races on the cinder tracks, a kind of speedway - race on the ice track of the stadium, earth and grass tracks.

Tennis
A sports game with a ball and rackets on the court - a court with a grid (height 91 cm) in the middle. Players tend to send the ball through the grid so that the opponent can not properly reflect it. In the International Tennis Federation ITF (ITF, founded in 1913), about 170 countries (1993). The largest international competitions - the Wimbledon tournament (since 1877), the Davis Cup (since 1900), the Federation Cup (since 1963). World championships in tennis have been held since 1978. The European Championships were held in 1969-83. Tennis is in the program of the Olympic Games (1896-1924 and since 1988).

Formula 1
Type of motorsport, ring races on cars with open wheels and cockpit.

Football
A sports team game in which athletes, using individual guidance and transferring the ball to the partners legs or any other part of the body except the hands, try to score it in the opponent's gate most times at the set time. The team has 11 people, including a goalkeeper. Game specially marked rectangular area - field (110-100 feet 75-69 m - for official matches) has usually a grassy cover. The length of the ball's circumference along the diametrical cross-section is 680-710 mm, weight 396-453 g. The game time is 90 minutes (2 periods-in-time for 45 minutes with a 10-15-minute break). Unlike other ball games, you can only touch the goalkeeper (within the penalty area), the rest of the players - when throwing the ball into the game because of the sideline. The rule of "offside" has a significant effect on football tactics - an athlete who is in the opponent's half of the field has the right to take the ball from the partner, provided that there are at least two opponent players, including the goalkeeper, between them and the goal line. For infringement of rules penalties on freely lying ball are appointed (at a distance from it of players of a command-contender not less than on 9 m); For violation in the penalty area - 11-meter kick (penalty) on the goal, protected only by the goalkeeper standing on their line. The regulation of some football competitions provides, with no result of the meeting, additional time or a series of penalties for the identification of winners; For matches of children and youth - reducing the playing time and the size of the field.

Hockey
A sports team game with sticks and a ball (puck) on a special platform (field) with a gate. There are 4 main types: hockey with a puck and with a ball (on ice), field hockey and rink-hockey.

Hockey on the grass - originated in the middle of the 19th century in Great Britain. The playing field is 91.4 mx 55 m. In the International Federation - FIH (founded in 1924), 109 countries (1993). Since 1908 in the program of the Olympic Games, since 1971 world championships have been held, since 1970 - Europe.

Ball hockey - originated in the middle of the 19th century in Great Britain. Until the mid-50's. 20th century - 2 varieties: West-European hockey-bendi and Russian hockey with a ball. The ice field (field) is 90-110 mx 50-70 m. In the International Federation - IBF (IBF, founded in 1955), 9 countries (1993). Since 1957 world championships have been held.

Hockey with a puck - originated in Canada in the 70's. 19th century. Ice, specially marked area 51-61 mx 24-30 m with sides. In the International Federation IIHF, until 1979, LIHG - the International Ice Hockey League, founded in 1908, 36 countries (1993). Since 1920 in the program of the Olympic Games, since 1930 the world championships have been held, since 1910 - in Europe.

Rink-hockey (English rink-hockey) - hockey with a ball on roller skates. Originated in the early 20th century in UK. Distributed in the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Germany. International Commission on Rink-hockey KIRH (CIRH) is a member of the International Roller Skating Federation. World championships since 1936, Europe since 1925.

Extreme sport
This is a commonly used definition for recently appeared popular sports associated with speed, height, danger and stunning imagination.